• The GPR receptor is also emerging as an important

  2022-08-26

  

  The GPR55 receptor is also emerging as an important therapeutic target. GPR55−/− mice possess no overt phenotype, but were protected in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain (Staton et al., 2008). Staton et al. (2008) reported that no GPR55 mRNA could be detected by RT-PCR in the animals. Also

• br Acknowledgements Support provided by

  2022-08-26

  

  Acknowledgements Support provided by projects PTDC/SAU-MIC/115178/2009 and PEst-OE/QUI/UI0612/2011 from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal. Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, multisystem metabolic disorder caused by a combination of environmental and genetic f

• The bioconversion of inositol from glucose was anticipated

  2022-08-26

  

  The bioconversion of inositol from glucose was anticipated nearly a century ago and later confirmed by isotope tracing methods [[22], [23]]. This biosynthesis of inositol involves three sequentially acting enzymes: Firstly, ATP-dependent glucokinase converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G-6P) [[2

• The recent identification of new mechanisms for

  2022-08-25

  

  The recent identification of new mechanisms for triggering ferroptosis, by compounds termed FIN56 and FINO2, provided new insights into regulation of ferroptosis. FINO2 acts through a distinct mechanism: it promotes lipid peroxidation by oxidizing iron and indirectly inactivating GPX4 [180]. FIN56 w

• br Nanoscale Cortical Actin Remodeling in Regulated Exocytos

  2022-08-24

  

  Nanoscale Cortical Actin Remodeling in Regulated Exocytosis The network of cortical 85 8 is formed by numerous fine actin filaments, which are only about 10nm in diameter [52]. Although the microscale role of the cortical actin network in vesicle exocytosis is well established, the function of t

• br Transportation from TGN toward plasma membrane The insuli

  2022-08-24

  

  Transportation from TGN toward plasma membrane The insulin molecules are packaged along with other molecules such as C-peptides, amylin, Zn2+, ATP and GABA in synaptic-like macrovesicles (SLMVs, with the diameters of 50–100 nm) and large dense core vesicles (LDCVs, with the diameters of 200–500 n

• The effect of combined A and

  2022-08-24

  

  The effect of combined A-192621 and PD 155080 treatment on the 71 5 during endotoxin infusion is quite different compared to either drug used alone (Wanecek et al., 1999). After administration of both antagonists in combination, cardiac index increased to baseline values within 30 min, and was due

• Whether histamine receptor distribution is altered in canine

  2022-08-24

  

  Whether histamine receptor distribution is altered in canine GI diseases remains unknown, but human research has documented altered histamine receptor density in certain GI diseases (Sander et al., 2006, Deiteren et al., 2015, Von Rahden et al., 2011). Additionally, a novel H4 receptor antagonist, J

• br Parkinson disease Idiopathic PD is a

  2022-08-24

  

  Parkinson disease Idiopathic PD is a hypodopaminergic movement disorder of uncertain etiology that affects 3% of persons over age 65 (Dexter and Jenner, 2013). Cardinal signs of this common neurodegenerative condition include bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremor and postural instability. Autonomic

• Cyclopamine a steroidal alkaloid type secondary

  2022-08-24

  

  Cyclopamine, a steroidal alkaloid type secondary metabolite from Veratrum californicum Durand (Melanthiaceae), serves as an anti-Hh constituent blocking the activation of Smo [96,100]. According to previous studies, cyclopamine was shown to inhibit the development of human hepatocellular carcinomas

• The absence of direct oxidation of Fe by L

  2022-08-24

  

  The absence of direct oxidation of Fe2+ by L1 in experiments in solution would be consistent with the recognized low O2 affinity of sGC. It is known that, in 7ACC2 with other hemoproteins, such as globins and heme-containing oxygenases with a Fe2+-proximal histidine linkage, sGC prevents oxidation

• Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflicts of intere

  2022-08-24

  

  Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Acknowledgments Understanding Pulmonary Remodeling The effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) class 2 receptors (5-HT2) on airway function and remodeling in respiratory disorders are unclear. Using murine pr

• We recently reported that the human derived PancCa cell

  2022-08-24

  

  We recently reported that the human-derived PancCa cell line PANC-1 and the human-derived hepatocellular HepG2 cell line express GPR55 mRNA and protein [21]. In PANC-1 and HepG2 cells, knockdown of GPR55 with specific siRNAs abrogates cellular uptake of Tocrifluor 1117, a selective GPR55 ligand [21]

• GPR detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reac

  2022-08-24

  

  GPR35 detection by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total RNA of cultured DRG neurons was extracted using the RNAqueous kit (Ambion). Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from 1μg of isolated total RNA with SuperScript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). An aliquot o

• Lamina II SG spinal cord neurons play

  2022-08-24

  

  Lamina II (SG) spinal cord neurons play an important role in regulating nociceptive input from the periphery [20,21]. Moreover, lamina II neurons are concentrated with glycinergic or GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. Therefore, it is possible that β-alanine might modulate nociceptive transmission i

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